ABSTRACT
Iron is essential for all organisms and its availability can control the growth of microorganisms; therefore, we examined the role of iron metabolism in multibacillary (MB) leprosy, focusing on the involvement of hepcidin. Erythrograms, iron metabolism parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines and urinary hepcidin levels were evaluated in patients with MB and matched control subjects. Hepcidin expression in MB lesions was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of ferroportin and hepcidin was evaluated by immunofluorescence in paucibacillary and MB lesions. Analysis of hepcidin protein levels in urine and of hepcidin mRNA and protein levels in leprosy lesions and skin biopsies from healthy control subjects showed elevated hepcidin levels in MB patients. Decreases in haematologic parameters and total iron binding capacity were observed in patients with MB leprosy. Moreover, interleukin-1 beta, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor and soluble transferrin receptor/log ferritin index values were increased in leprosy patients. Hepcidin was elevated in lepromatous lesions, whereas ferroportin was more abundant in tuberculoid lesions. In addition, hepcidin and ferroportin were not colocalised in the biopsies from leprosy lesions. Anaemia was not commonly observed in patients with MB; however, the observed changes in haematologic parameters indicating altered iron metabolism appeared to result from a mixture of anaemia of inflammation and iron deficiency. Thus, iron sequestration inside host cells might play a role in leprosy by providing an optimal environment for the bacillus.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/urine , Cytokines/blood , Iron/metabolism , Leprosy, Multibacillary/blood , Leprosy, Multibacillary/urine , Anemia/microbiology , Case-Control Studies , Disease Progression , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Homeopathy , Inflammation/microbiology , Leprosy, Multibacillary/complications , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) é uma proteína de membrana que funciona como um importante regulador negativo da atividade de linfócitos ativa dos, participando, desta forma, do delicado balanço entre ativação e tolerância de células T. Dados recentes têm evidenciado que os mecanismos de tolerância periférica, mediados pela interação PD-1/PD- L1, também impedem uma resposta imune antitumoral eficaz, mesmo em condições nas quais os antígenos tumorais possam ser reconhecidos. Apesar de crescentes evidências demonstrarem o papel da via PD-1 no escape tumoral, pouco se sabe a respeito do seu significado em tumores da cavidade oral. Sabe-se menos ainda sobre a expressão desta molécula em lesões orais pré-neoplásicas. Baseado no exposto, o presente estudo analisou a expressão de PD-1 e seu ligante PD-L1 em lesões de queilite actínica e carcinoma espinocelular de boca através de citometria de fluxo e imunomarcação in situo Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as células isoladas do sangue periférico e de lesões de queilite actínica e carcinoma espinocelular oral apresentam expressão aumentada de PD-1. A expressão de PD-L1 é mais restrita em queilite actínica, porém é intensa em carcinoma espinocelular oral.
Programmed death-1 (PD-l) is a transmembrane protein that acts as a negative regulator in effector T cells, modulating the delicate balance between effective antimicrobial immune defenses and immune-mediated tissue damage. However, recent evidences suggest that the PD-l: PD-L1 pathway can also block antitumor immune responses even when tumor antigens can be recognized. In spite of growing data indicating the involvement of PD-l in tumor escape, little is known about its role in tumors of oral cavity. In addition, the involvement of PD-l in pre-malignant lesions is an important issue to be clarified. In the present work we investigated the expression of PD-l and PD-L1 in blood and biopsies of patients with actinic cheilitis and oral squamous cell carcinoma by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Our data showed that Iymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood and lesion sites exhibited high expression of PD-l in both groups studied Moreover, PD-L1 expression was intense in oral squamous cell carcinoma and moderate in actinic cheilitis.